1 00:00:08,390 --> 00:00:04,269 well good morning or afternoon everyone 2 00:00:10,790 --> 00:00:08,400 welcome to the nai director seminar for 3 00:00:13,669 --> 00:00:10,800 this month I am really really pleased 4 00:00:16,700 --> 00:00:13,679 that Giovanna tinetti is here she's 5 00:00:19,429 --> 00:00:16,710 actually here with us in the video 6 00:00:22,340 --> 00:00:19,439 conference room at nai central I think 7 00:00:24,800 --> 00:00:22,350 all of you know that the second bullet 8 00:00:26,929 --> 00:00:24,810 in na eyes mission statement is to train 9 00:00:30,259 --> 00:00:26,939 the next generation of astrobiologists 10 00:00:33,799 --> 00:00:30,269 and Giovanna to Nettie has got to be our 11 00:00:37,520 --> 00:00:33,809 poster child so to speak in that regard 12 00:00:41,060 --> 00:00:37,530 Giovanna was a particle physicist at the 13 00:00:43,880 --> 00:00:41,070 University of Torino she got her 14 00:00:46,940 --> 00:00:43,890 bachelor's degree in particle physics at 15 00:00:49,720 --> 00:00:46,950 Torino and learned about all this 16 00:00:52,520 --> 00:00:49,730 wonderful stuff that was going on in 17 00:00:56,900 --> 00:00:52,530 understanding habitable environments on 18 00:00:58,700 --> 00:00:56,910 other planets and in understanding the 19 00:01:02,750 --> 00:00:58,710 nature of life on Earth and bringing all 20 00:01:06,010 --> 00:01:02,760 of these fields together she did a PhD 21 00:01:08,060 --> 00:01:06,020 at the University of Torino in the 22 00:01:10,120 --> 00:01:08,070 department of physics but her thesis 23 00:01:14,950 --> 00:01:10,130 title was energy and entropy for 24 00:01:20,060 --> 00:01:14,960 extraterrestrial life and she contacted 25 00:01:23,539 --> 00:01:20,070 Ken Nealson who was one of our new pie's 26 00:01:27,710 --> 00:01:23,549 as well as a couple of our other new 27 00:01:29,870 --> 00:01:27,720 pie's around year 2000 and wound up 28 00:01:32,330 --> 00:01:29,880 coming over in joining Ken Nielsen's 29 00:01:35,600 --> 00:01:32,340 team and then joining Vicky Meadows team 30 00:01:38,990 --> 00:01:35,610 when vpl was selected to join the 31 00:01:41,410 --> 00:01:39,000 Institute in can too and I think all we 32 00:01:44,530 --> 00:01:41,420 can say is that the rest is history 33 00:01:48,490 --> 00:01:44,540 Giovanna has since been making headlines 34 00:01:51,350 --> 00:01:48,500 with some of her work on observations of 35 00:01:55,149 --> 00:01:51,360 extrasolar planets particularly using 36 00:01:58,550 --> 00:01:55,159 the Spitzer Space Telescope and she was 37 00:02:01,870 --> 00:01:58,560 chosen the best young Italian physicist 38 00:02:05,929 --> 00:02:01,880 in the in the entire nation one award in 39 00:02:09,020 --> 00:02:05,939 1999 and is now a researcher at 40 00:02:10,850 --> 00:02:09,030 university college london and also 41 00:02:13,430 --> 00:02:10,860 working with the european space agency 42 00:02:15,860 --> 00:02:13,440 and so we proudly claim Giovanna 43 00:02:17,600 --> 00:02:15,870 one of our own and we're going to hear 44 00:02:19,760 --> 00:02:17,610 from her today about her work on 45 00:02:22,010 --> 00:02:19,770 extrasolar planets her title is 46 00:02:24,590 --> 00:02:22,020 observing extrasolar worlds from gas 47 00:02:27,380 --> 00:02:24,600 giant to terrestrial planets and I give 48 00:02:29,300 --> 00:02:27,390 you Giovanni tinetti well thank you so 49 00:02:31,700 --> 00:02:29,310 much Carl I mean these are this 50 00:02:35,660 --> 00:02:31,710 welcoming is I probably even to worry 51 00:02:37,250 --> 00:02:35,670 about I was moved by your words thank 52 00:02:39,590 --> 00:02:37,260 you so much forever inviting me here 53 00:02:43,100 --> 00:02:39,600 it's a really great pleasure and a great 54 00:02:46,610 --> 00:02:43,110 horner to get this time in ER and I made 55 00:02:49,700 --> 00:02:46,620 the sort of selection today put more 56 00:02:54,110 --> 00:02:49,710 about what we know now about excess oil 57 00:02:55,960 --> 00:02:54,120 planet and just leave the few minutes in 58 00:02:58,940 --> 00:02:55,970 the end to talk about perspective 59 00:03:01,070 --> 00:02:58,950 because i really think that we already 60 00:03:03,710 --> 00:03:01,080 can say a lot of things what we have 61 00:03:06,320 --> 00:03:03,720 reacties quorum most recently and what 62 00:03:09,230 --> 00:03:06,330 we are doing really today about his 63 00:03:11,630 --> 00:03:09,240 field this field is very recent because 64 00:03:13,850 --> 00:03:11,640 we have just to go back to nineteen 65 00:03:19,010 --> 00:03:13,860 ninety-five to find that the first 66 00:03:21,140 --> 00:03:19,020 assess well planet poor Bettina 51 67 00:03:25,910 --> 00:03:21,150 pegasi was discovered by the Geneva 68 00:03:27,770 --> 00:03:25,920 group of my own thoughts and it was 69 00:03:30,710 --> 00:03:27,780 compared by the group of Mars in 70 00:03:35,180 --> 00:03:30,720 bathurst NAFTA so it's very recent to 71 00:03:37,430 --> 00:03:35,190 field and since then actually I put here 72 00:03:41,780 --> 00:03:37,440 280 and I discovered this morning 73 00:03:44,060 --> 00:03:41,790 actually eggs a number is 294 so we are 74 00:03:46,070 --> 00:03:44,070 approaching the 300 it's just that you 75 00:03:48,050 --> 00:03:46,080 miss one day basically the number is 76 00:03:50,449 --> 00:03:48,060 going up and I should have seen this 77 00:03:54,229 --> 00:03:50,459 morning that there was announcement a 78 00:03:57,050 --> 00:03:54,239 new planet or 3.34 masses by my plastic 79 00:03:59,540 --> 00:03:57,060 and so congratulation to the team ooh 80 00:04:03,050 --> 00:03:59,550 did that but you can see that not only 81 00:04:05,180 --> 00:04:03,060 the number is increasing thanks since 82 00:04:08,060 --> 00:04:05,190 God the mass is decreasing so we are 83 00:04:12,170 --> 00:04:08,070 really approaching their hurry signs are 84 00:04:13,790 --> 00:04:12,180 planets now not only extrasolar planet 85 00:04:15,979 --> 00:04:13,800 in general are some important to be 86 00:04:17,750 --> 00:04:15,989 detected and discovered but certainly 87 00:04:20,420 --> 00:04:17,760 from a point of view especially of 88 00:04:24,190 --> 00:04:20,430 availability we really would like to 89 00:04:26,590 --> 00:04:24,200 know how they are for in the end 90 00:04:29,050 --> 00:04:26,600 how they evolved and what are their 91 00:04:31,150 --> 00:04:29,060 characteristics so the entire day is 92 00:04:34,060 --> 00:04:31,160 actually to not only to detect them but 93 00:04:35,770 --> 00:04:34,070 also to characterize them and for planet 94 00:04:39,280 --> 00:04:35,780 Earth are transiting and their parent 95 00:04:41,440 --> 00:04:39,290 star actually we can certainly do a lot 96 00:04:46,420 --> 00:04:41,450 of things right now and get a lot of 97 00:04:48,760 --> 00:04:46,430 information out of the observations why 98 00:04:50,800 --> 00:04:48,770 having a transiting planet is important 99 00:04:53,830 --> 00:04:50,810 what is important because if you can 100 00:04:56,290 --> 00:04:53,840 couple of the ID of the transit with the 101 00:04:58,690 --> 00:04:56,300 radial velocity measurement you can get 102 00:05:01,390 --> 00:04:58,700 the mass from the radial velocity and 103 00:05:03,040 --> 00:05:01,400 then the radius from the transit and so 104 00:05:05,650 --> 00:05:03,050 you can you fer the density of the 105 00:05:08,710 --> 00:05:05,660 planet and from the density you can 106 00:05:10,780 --> 00:05:08,720 really start to think what is internal 107 00:05:13,420 --> 00:05:10,790 structure it is a terrestrial planet or 108 00:05:16,690 --> 00:05:13,430 is a gas giant or is a Neptune planet 109 00:05:19,930 --> 00:05:16,700 and they're already several groups both 110 00:05:23,770 --> 00:05:19,940 Europe and the US that rain hours for in 111 00:05:26,950 --> 00:05:23,780 these very interesting field trying to 112 00:05:30,310 --> 00:05:26,960 understand if just looking at the radius 113 00:05:32,680 --> 00:05:30,320 versus mass diagram you can refer some 114 00:05:34,900 --> 00:05:32,690 of their internal properties so i put 115 00:05:36,910 --> 00:05:34,910 here a graph that is coming from the 116 00:05:40,540 --> 00:05:36,920 group of certain engrossing knowns in 117 00:05:44,590 --> 00:05:40,550 particular but there are several models 118 00:05:46,600 --> 00:05:44,600 for similar bar forney by Seager and the 119 00:05:49,510 --> 00:05:46,610 idea is that a lease for the planet in 120 00:05:53,560 --> 00:05:49,520 our solar system just looking at diagram 121 00:05:56,380 --> 00:05:53,570 like that you can already do have a 122 00:05:58,720 --> 00:05:56,390 Berbick division between the terrestrial 123 00:06:02,350 --> 00:05:58,730 planet that are for now they're composed 124 00:06:05,200 --> 00:06:02,360 more silicate and rock like earth Venus 125 00:06:08,260 --> 00:06:05,210 and Mars or the planets that contains a 126 00:06:11,470 --> 00:06:08,270 actually non negligible amount of ice 127 00:06:13,540 --> 00:06:11,480 and so the ratio between the radiosonde 128 00:06:15,340 --> 00:06:13,550 the mass is definitely different and you 129 00:06:18,190 --> 00:06:15,350 can see that in this particular diagram 130 00:06:21,010 --> 00:06:18,200 but then people have fought also more 131 00:06:22,660 --> 00:06:21,020 exotic work like the carbon planet that 132 00:06:25,510 --> 00:06:22,670 we're proposed by Kirchner and Seager 133 00:06:27,490 --> 00:06:25,520 and we have probably to have much more 134 00:06:33,430 --> 00:06:27,500 statistics you understand if they're 135 00:06:35,470 --> 00:06:33,440 real or a virtuous possible okay I told 136 00:06:37,300 --> 00:06:35,480 you that the field oxo planet is brand 137 00:06:40,540 --> 00:06:37,310 new by the filter of 138 00:06:42,490 --> 00:06:40,550 transit is even more new and this is 139 00:06:45,400 --> 00:06:42,500 because the first primary transit the 140 00:06:47,290 --> 00:06:45,410 first the transit for an excess of 141 00:06:51,850 --> 00:06:47,300 planet was observed by the grouper 142 00:06:55,270 --> 00:06:51,860 Charbonneau and his team and basically 143 00:06:57,790 --> 00:06:55,280 what they did in two thousand was to 144 00:07:00,400 --> 00:06:57,800 measure the flux of the star and then 145 00:07:02,230 --> 00:07:00,410 measure the dimming of this flux when 146 00:07:05,020 --> 00:07:02,240 the planet is basically passing in front 147 00:07:07,600 --> 00:07:05,030 of it and so this technique is called 148 00:07:11,170 --> 00:07:07,610 the primary transit and the entire idea 149 00:07:14,320 --> 00:07:11,180 is that by measuring the demon first of 150 00:07:16,240 --> 00:07:14,330 all you can in fear basically the radius 151 00:07:18,820 --> 00:07:16,250 of the planet with respect to the radius 152 00:07:20,770 --> 00:07:18,830 of the star and just to give you an idea 153 00:07:23,920 --> 00:07:20,780 if you're talking about a gas giant 154 00:07:26,620 --> 00:07:23,930 planet that is transiting and G type of 155 00:07:29,650 --> 00:07:26,630 star like our own Sun here we're talking 156 00:07:32,950 --> 00:07:29,660 about 1% more or less this ratio of 157 00:07:35,080 --> 00:07:32,960 surfaces is about 1% and of course this 158 00:07:36,910 --> 00:07:35,090 ratio is changing depending if the 159 00:07:41,320 --> 00:07:36,920 finance is smaller or bigger or and but 160 00:07:44,170 --> 00:07:41,330 also the type of the star but not only 161 00:07:46,690 --> 00:07:44,180 this is extremely important you can also 162 00:07:50,320 --> 00:07:46,700 derive with transiting planet a lot of 163 00:07:54,580 --> 00:07:50,330 the parameters our orbital parameters so 164 00:07:56,590 --> 00:07:54,590 not only planetary parameters but also 165 00:07:58,870 --> 00:07:56,600 what I am particularly interested in a 166 00:08:02,280 --> 00:07:58,880 lot of people are extremely interested 167 00:08:05,500 --> 00:08:02,290 in is that for some of these objects 168 00:08:07,180 --> 00:08:05,510 usually the biggest one at the moments 169 00:08:09,910 --> 00:08:07,190 but of course the techniques are I 170 00:08:12,730 --> 00:08:09,920 getting better and better you can also 171 00:08:15,700 --> 00:08:12,740 pro basically the atmosphere and in this 172 00:08:19,060 --> 00:08:15,710 case will be an analyst so the limbo the 173 00:08:21,550 --> 00:08:19,070 planet and just to give you an idea of 174 00:08:24,040 --> 00:08:21,560 how small is this quantity we are 175 00:08:25,900 --> 00:08:24,050 talking about our number which is more 176 00:08:27,640 --> 00:08:25,910 or less the point to one percent of 177 00:08:30,190 --> 00:08:27,650 course this number is changing depending 178 00:08:33,070 --> 00:08:30,200 on which wavelength you're concentrating 179 00:08:35,560 --> 00:08:33,080 in but this is just like Anibal Park to 180 00:08:38,530 --> 00:08:35,570 give you an impression so it's very tiny 181 00:08:43,710 --> 00:08:38,540 compared to the one percent but we 182 00:08:45,350 --> 00:08:43,720 cannot already now probe this sort of 183 00:08:49,190 --> 00:08:45,360 numbers 184 00:08:51,079 --> 00:08:49,200 so in order to understand what is going 185 00:08:53,269 --> 00:08:51,089 on in the atmosphere is a slow planet 186 00:08:57,860 --> 00:08:53,279 using this type of technique primary 187 00:09:01,340 --> 00:08:57,870 transit there were several papers coming 188 00:09:04,280 --> 00:09:01,350 out vertical papers and one of the I 189 00:09:06,710 --> 00:09:04,290 would say the priority benchmark paper 190 00:09:09,380 --> 00:09:06,720 is the cigarettes a solo in two thousand 191 00:09:12,110 --> 00:09:09,390 they proposed for the first time to use 192 00:09:13,730 --> 00:09:12,120 this technique to specifically probe the 193 00:09:15,680 --> 00:09:13,740 atmosphere and excess oil planet and 194 00:09:18,050 --> 00:09:15,690 there were more concentrating in 195 00:09:21,800 --> 00:09:18,060 simulation in the UV and the visible and 196 00:09:26,329 --> 00:09:21,810 this is because in bossier hubble was a 197 00:09:28,670 --> 00:09:26,339 very popular so that was the obvious 198 00:09:32,120 --> 00:09:28,680 starting point from a point of view of 199 00:09:36,410 --> 00:09:32,130 observations another bench my paper is 200 00:09:38,720 --> 00:09:36,420 the brown 2001 model the spectrum 201 00:09:43,370 --> 00:09:38,730 transmission and visible and 202 00:09:46,069 --> 00:09:43,380 near-infrared great paper and I most 203 00:09:48,560 --> 00:09:46,079 recently look into the possibility of a 204 00:09:50,810 --> 00:09:48,570 fine his primary transit technique in 205 00:09:55,160 --> 00:09:50,820 the mirror infrared and the reason for 206 00:09:58,519 --> 00:09:55,170 doing so is that a Spitzer was was 207 00:10:01,280 --> 00:09:58,529 actually working and am very well and 208 00:10:04,100 --> 00:10:01,290 also in the middle infrared that you can 209 00:10:07,009 --> 00:10:04,110 actually probe some of the molecules and 210 00:10:10,730 --> 00:10:07,019 not necessarily are obviously detectable 211 00:10:12,590 --> 00:10:10,740 in the visible part of the spectrum but 212 00:10:14,780 --> 00:10:12,600 there is a complementary technique to 213 00:10:16,730 --> 00:10:14,790 the one and i just showed to you it's a 214 00:10:20,240 --> 00:10:16,740 so-called secondary transit technique 215 00:10:22,430 --> 00:10:20,250 and here the idea is you're looking at 216 00:10:23,930 --> 00:10:22,440 the flux of the star and upon it 217 00:10:26,360 --> 00:10:23,940 together so you take together the 218 00:10:28,430 --> 00:10:26,370 package starring planet and then you 219 00:10:32,110 --> 00:10:28,440 wait for the planet to be hidden by the 220 00:10:35,329 --> 00:10:32,120 star and so as you can imagine the 221 00:10:37,759 --> 00:10:35,339 starplex planet flux is Dean's at this 222 00:10:40,689 --> 00:10:37,769 point and you can subtract the 223 00:10:44,060 --> 00:10:40,699 contribution of the star so in this way 224 00:10:47,509 --> 00:10:44,070 you're sort of probing fortunes lighter 225 00:10:51,980 --> 00:10:47,519 which is directly meted or reflected by 226 00:10:54,110 --> 00:10:51,990 the planet so because of these the 227 00:10:57,410 --> 00:10:54,120 technique is really complementary to the 228 00:10:58,850 --> 00:10:57,420 to the primary transit where you're 229 00:11:01,190 --> 00:10:58,860 looking basically 230 00:11:05,390 --> 00:11:01,200 Attis mottram at aspect that is 231 00:11:09,290 --> 00:11:05,400 transmitted of course depending on the 232 00:11:12,320 --> 00:11:09,300 wavelength we are using for doing this 233 00:11:15,680 --> 00:11:12,330 sort of observation the kind of 234 00:11:19,130 --> 00:11:15,690 information we can we can have is very 235 00:11:22,250 --> 00:11:19,140 different so if we do secondary transit 236 00:11:25,460 --> 00:11:22,260 and the visible part of the spectrum we 237 00:11:28,490 --> 00:11:25,470 can certainly probe the albedo of the 238 00:11:30,890 --> 00:11:28,500 planet because in the visible is where 239 00:11:35,750 --> 00:11:30,900 we have the control of the multiple 240 00:11:39,580 --> 00:11:35,760 scattering and if there are clouds 241 00:11:42,140 --> 00:11:39,590 probably they'll be they should change 242 00:11:44,270 --> 00:11:42,150 if we are basically applying this 243 00:11:46,940 --> 00:11:44,280 technique in the infrared part of the 244 00:11:48,740 --> 00:11:46,950 spectrum then you're looking at light 245 00:11:51,740 --> 00:11:48,750 that is emitted directed by the planet 246 00:11:54,260 --> 00:11:51,750 and so basically you can probe above the 247 00:11:56,510 --> 00:11:54,270 the presence of molecules absorbing in 248 00:11:58,340 --> 00:11:56,520 the atmosphere and having some 249 00:12:01,760 --> 00:11:58,350 transition and infrared part of the 250 00:12:03,530 --> 00:12:01,770 spectrum but you can also have a very 251 00:12:06,050 --> 00:12:03,540 good probe of the thermal structure of 252 00:12:08,830 --> 00:12:06,060 the atmosphere and this is because again 253 00:12:11,510 --> 00:12:08,840 in emission spectroscopy and in infrared 254 00:12:16,370 --> 00:12:11,520 you definitely can probe disorder 255 00:12:18,770 --> 00:12:16,380 quantities up till now the planets we 256 00:12:21,080 --> 00:12:18,780 have we have been able to follow with 257 00:12:23,990 --> 00:12:21,090 this technique in terms of atmospheric 258 00:12:27,460 --> 00:12:24,000 authorization are especially hot 259 00:12:30,500 --> 00:12:27,470 Jupiters so it's a new class of object 260 00:12:33,140 --> 00:12:30,510 that before we discover excess oil 261 00:12:35,780 --> 00:12:33,150 planet we were unaware they could exist 262 00:12:38,660 --> 00:12:35,790 a certain they are not present in our 263 00:12:41,990 --> 00:12:38,670 solar system and the reason there is so 264 00:12:45,170 --> 00:12:42,000 popular in terms of observation is 265 00:12:48,320 --> 00:12:45,180 because well there are gas giant planet 266 00:12:51,260 --> 00:12:48,330 orbiting very close to the scar so the 267 00:12:53,840 --> 00:12:51,270 temperature can be very high meaning 268 00:12:56,420 --> 00:12:53,850 that also the atmosphere is very 269 00:12:59,150 --> 00:12:56,430 standard and all these characteristics 270 00:13:02,480 --> 00:12:59,160 makes them an excellent are going to be 271 00:13:07,220 --> 00:13:02,490 probed with transit technique we believe 272 00:13:11,180 --> 00:13:07,230 that most of them were at least some of 273 00:13:12,020 --> 00:13:11,190 them are totally locked probably not all 274 00:13:15,410 --> 00:13:12,030 of them 275 00:13:19,280 --> 00:13:15,420 but also we don't know right now even 276 00:13:22,730 --> 00:13:19,290 for those that might be quite a lot how 277 00:13:25,460 --> 00:13:22,740 deep can be the tidal luck with the 278 00:13:27,590 --> 00:13:25,470 planet and this information could help 279 00:13:33,290 --> 00:13:27,600 out actually understanding better that I 280 00:13:35,360 --> 00:13:33,300 not exalt these atmospheres so a hot 281 00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:35,370 Jupiter were probed at the beginning few 282 00:13:39,760 --> 00:13:38,010 years ago especially in the view in the 283 00:13:44,210 --> 00:13:39,770 UV and visible part of the spectrum 284 00:13:45,830 --> 00:13:44,220 using Hubble and most a telescope and if 285 00:13:50,600 --> 00:13:45,840 you look in those wavelengths you can 286 00:13:53,750 --> 00:13:50,610 probe atomic species I own species the 287 00:13:55,580 --> 00:13:53,760 presence of clouds or Hayes's and more 288 00:13:58,370 --> 00:13:55,590 in general really probing the upper 289 00:14:01,640 --> 00:13:58,380 atmosphere so the boundary conditions 290 00:14:04,820 --> 00:14:01,650 and definitely the sort of information 291 00:14:07,540 --> 00:14:04,830 is this frame useful for all the models 292 00:14:12,560 --> 00:14:07,550 in 3d that absolutely need is a 293 00:14:18,260 --> 00:14:12,570 disinformation to be able to to be more 294 00:14:22,100 --> 00:14:18,270 on to be improved the first measurement 295 00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:22,110 of the most current component in an 296 00:14:29,720 --> 00:14:24,810 extrasolar planet was done again by 297 00:14:32,990 --> 00:14:29,730 Charbonneau in 2002 and it looked at the 298 00:14:35,420 --> 00:14:33,000 planet called so-called ht29 458 be 299 00:14:39,740 --> 00:14:35,430 unfortunately spina have unpronounceable 300 00:14:41,630 --> 00:14:39,750 name and he use the instruments dissin 301 00:14:44,660 --> 00:14:41,640 border Hubble and you look at the line 302 00:14:47,330 --> 00:14:44,670 of sodium and it could definitely detect 303 00:14:50,300 --> 00:14:47,340 an absorption in those lines about point 304 00:14:53,030 --> 00:14:50,310 O 2 percent was changing a little bit 305 00:14:57,050 --> 00:14:53,040 this lumber depending our close to this 306 00:15:00,770 --> 00:14:57,060 the center of the line it was a probing 307 00:15:03,470 --> 00:15:00,780 and basically similar observation were 308 00:15:05,330 --> 00:15:03,480 repeated more recently from the ground 309 00:15:07,640 --> 00:15:05,340 actually the first the ground-based 310 00:15:10,220 --> 00:15:07,650 observation and first ground based 311 00:15:11,780 --> 00:15:10,230 detection of animus great component was 312 00:15:14,390 --> 00:15:11,790 down last year by the group of rats 313 00:15:18,170 --> 00:15:14,400 villa talk and this time the sodium was 314 00:15:21,350 --> 00:15:18,180 found on another planet hot Jupiter HD 315 00:15:23,920 --> 00:15:21,360 189733 B and it turns out it actually 316 00:15:26,290 --> 00:15:23,930 looks like sodium is three times more 317 00:15:30,070 --> 00:15:26,300 this particular planet rather than the 318 00:15:34,560 --> 00:15:30,080 14 by Charbonneau more measurement from 319 00:15:37,870 --> 00:15:34,570 the ground confirming what Charbonneau 320 00:15:39,700 --> 00:15:37,880 probe in 2002 and then there is an 321 00:15:43,480 --> 00:15:39,710 entire literature actually already 322 00:15:48,310 --> 00:15:43,490 trying to explain immediately after the 323 00:15:50,590 --> 00:15:48,320 observation but also most recently why 324 00:15:52,690 --> 00:15:50,600 there was so little soldier or weather 325 00:15:54,610 --> 00:15:52,700 is so much so doing in this case for the 326 00:15:58,329 --> 00:15:54,620 other planet and there are several 327 00:16:01,150 --> 00:15:58,339 explanation what I personally like a lot 328 00:16:05,530 --> 00:16:01,160 is the one given by atria just last year 329 00:16:09,400 --> 00:16:05,540 where is sort of proposed that actually 330 00:16:12,490 --> 00:16:09,410 sodium might be due to pasta 331 00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:12,500 accretionary source so basically getting 332 00:16:19,180 --> 00:16:16,010 into the atmosphere not as an original 333 00:16:21,430 --> 00:16:19,190 source but afta from debris and 334 00:16:23,410 --> 00:16:21,440 meteorites and comments and that could 335 00:16:26,320 --> 00:16:23,420 explain why we're seeing this sort of 336 00:16:28,480 --> 00:16:26,330 our ability we have only two planets at 337 00:16:30,820 --> 00:16:28,490 the moment haven't is there's a 338 00:16:33,699 --> 00:16:30,830 particular signature but we hope that we 339 00:16:36,640 --> 00:16:33,709 can drop more planets and understand a 340 00:16:38,710 --> 00:16:36,650 little bit more what is going on another 341 00:16:41,890 --> 00:16:38,720 important observation in this field 342 00:16:46,180 --> 00:16:41,900 there was the one done looking at the 343 00:16:48,519 --> 00:16:46,190 Limon alpha line hydrogen line and in 344 00:16:50,620 --> 00:16:48,529 the UV part of the spectrum and this was 345 00:16:56,110 --> 00:16:50,630 done by the group of Adama jar in Paris 346 00:16:58,240 --> 00:16:56,120 in 2003 and the group were measured a 347 00:17:00,130 --> 00:16:58,250 huge absorption in this line we are 348 00:17:02,949 --> 00:17:00,140 talking about fifteen percent is 349 00:17:07,240 --> 00:17:02,959 enormous it means that actually is more 350 00:17:09,520 --> 00:17:07,250 than the planetary radius more recently 351 00:17:11,380 --> 00:17:09,530 there was a reduction of the data and 352 00:17:13,120 --> 00:17:11,390 this mom burst seems to be little bit 353 00:17:16,780 --> 00:17:13,130 less but still we're talking about nine 354 00:17:18,460 --> 00:17:16,790 percent is still huge number so this is 355 00:17:22,990 --> 00:17:18,470 telling us that something is going on 356 00:17:24,640 --> 00:17:23,000 and one of this planation of the that 357 00:17:26,949 --> 00:17:24,650 was given originally by the group who 358 00:17:29,230 --> 00:17:26,959 made the observation was that ain't our 359 00:17:33,040 --> 00:17:29,240 plan was evaporating and it was odd 360 00:17:34,740 --> 00:17:33,050 region escape in the upper atmosphere of 361 00:17:37,390 --> 00:17:34,750 the planet 362 00:17:41,230 --> 00:17:37,400 there are several model that followed 363 00:17:44,050 --> 00:17:41,240 that prediction and the most recent one 364 00:17:47,980 --> 00:17:44,060 our costume it's all two thousand hate 365 00:17:50,170 --> 00:17:47,990 they propose a 3d model of a upper 366 00:17:55,170 --> 00:17:50,180 atmosphere of a gas giant planet hot 367 00:17:58,720 --> 00:17:55,180 Jupiters and they propose actually could 368 00:18:00,880 --> 00:17:58,730 see that this particular planet the one 369 00:18:04,240 --> 00:18:00,890 observed is certainly in the condition 370 00:18:05,980 --> 00:18:04,250 of instability so potentially could 371 00:18:07,860 --> 00:18:05,990 evaporate and potentially there could be 372 00:18:11,080 --> 00:18:07,870 a Trojan escape in the upper atmosphere 373 00:18:12,670 --> 00:18:11,090 what we don't know right now is if this 374 00:18:15,850 --> 00:18:12,680 planet has a magnetic field or not 375 00:18:18,990 --> 00:18:15,860 because in that case the what is 376 00:18:21,550 --> 00:18:19,000 inferred by modeling could change a lot 377 00:18:23,320 --> 00:18:21,560 another explanation that was giving 378 00:18:25,540 --> 00:18:23,330 about an hour group homes from it all 379 00:18:27,460 --> 00:18:25,550 another nature paper so this observation 380 00:18:30,670 --> 00:18:27,470 keeps actually providing nature paper as 381 00:18:32,650 --> 00:18:30,680 you can see is that actually the 382 00:18:34,960 --> 00:18:32,660 observation was probably in stellar wind 383 00:18:38,590 --> 00:18:34,970 so not necessarily the upper atmosphere 384 00:18:41,040 --> 00:18:38,600 of the planet but actually a much more 385 00:18:44,020 --> 00:18:41,050 complex situation where you have a 386 00:18:45,640 --> 00:18:44,030 combination of stellar wind upper part 387 00:18:47,920 --> 00:18:45,650 of the plan upper hemisphere of the 388 00:18:49,840 --> 00:18:47,930 planet and certainly if there is a 389 00:18:53,050 --> 00:18:49,850 magnetic field all the situation can be 390 00:18:54,820 --> 00:18:53,060 a swimming complex so I think we 391 00:18:57,660 --> 00:18:54,830 definitely would like to see more 392 00:19:00,330 --> 00:18:57,670 observation of this time upon on 393 00:19:04,360 --> 00:19:00,340 different huh tributaries that you see 394 00:19:07,360 --> 00:19:04,370 exactly what is going on unfortunately 395 00:19:11,110 --> 00:19:07,370 the instrument stays onboard acabo is no 396 00:19:14,380 --> 00:19:11,120 longer working and people try to use on 397 00:19:17,020 --> 00:19:14,390 our instrument aboard Hubble ACS looking 398 00:19:20,080 --> 00:19:17,030 at visible or near-uv part of the 399 00:19:22,750 --> 00:19:20,090 spectrum and I'm showing you here 400 00:19:26,710 --> 00:19:22,760 basically a couple of papers that came 401 00:19:29,890 --> 00:19:26,720 out the one knutson at all and the pawn 402 00:19:34,630 --> 00:19:29,900 is all using acs for two different 403 00:19:35,410 --> 00:19:34,640 planets and unfortunately acs spectral 404 00:19:37,660 --> 00:19:35,420 resolution 405 00:19:39,070 --> 00:19:37,670 is not good enough for the visible or 406 00:19:41,500 --> 00:19:39,080 you'll be part of the spectrum and this 407 00:19:46,420 --> 00:19:41,510 is because if you're expecting to find 408 00:19:49,870 --> 00:19:46,430 all these sodium metal soon a potassium 409 00:19:53,770 --> 00:19:49,880 line so alkali metal lines they all have 410 00:19:55,780 --> 00:19:53,780 this very narrow signature and so if you 411 00:19:58,570 --> 00:19:55,790 start to dilute the resolution instead 412 00:20:03,250 --> 00:19:58,580 of seeing this very nice peak you see 413 00:20:05,290 --> 00:20:03,260 just a bump and so for instance with ACS 414 00:20:08,410 --> 00:20:05,300 you're not able to confer measurement 415 00:20:13,330 --> 00:20:08,420 that we're already done with this this 416 00:20:16,120 --> 00:20:13,340 seems also to be i mean acs seems to 417 00:20:19,090 --> 00:20:16,130 suggest that also water and clouds is 418 00:20:21,820 --> 00:20:19,100 present and this is because clouds and 419 00:20:23,710 --> 00:20:21,830 haze is because this factor s seems to 420 00:20:25,770 --> 00:20:23,720 be pretty flat in the visible so it 421 00:20:29,050 --> 00:20:25,780 looks like you have some sort of 422 00:20:31,810 --> 00:20:29,060 opacities that is not allowing you to 423 00:20:34,060 --> 00:20:31,820 see very deep in the atmosphere but then 424 00:20:36,520 --> 00:20:34,070 it's all suggested because again the 425 00:20:41,080 --> 00:20:36,530 resolution is not really i enough but to 426 00:20:43,150 --> 00:20:41,090 be very conclusive very nice 427 00:20:47,920 --> 00:20:43,160 contribution was given by Moses 428 00:20:50,160 --> 00:20:47,930 satellite they looked at jupiter planet 429 00:20:52,720 --> 00:20:50,170 during live planet hot Jupiters 430 00:20:55,120 --> 00:20:52,730 indivisible with visible broadband 431 00:20:58,150 --> 00:20:55,130 photometry so they really look at the 432 00:21:00,010 --> 00:20:58,160 sort of entire check of the visible 433 00:21:03,010 --> 00:21:00,020 spectrum and in particularly 434 00:21:07,210 --> 00:21:03,020 concentrating in two different planets 435 00:21:09,040 --> 00:21:07,220 and for one of them hd2 an eye for 48 be 436 00:21:11,980 --> 00:21:09,050 they could measure using secondary 437 00:21:13,480 --> 00:21:11,990 transit technique the albedo and the 438 00:21:18,910 --> 00:21:13,490 beetle seems to be used to reveal Oh 439 00:21:21,340 --> 00:21:18,920 something less than point 25 and again 440 00:21:23,770 --> 00:21:21,350 this number is is tremolo especially if 441 00:21:27,760 --> 00:21:23,780 compared with the planet we know in our 442 00:21:29,560 --> 00:21:27,770 solar system gas giant or Tyson so it 443 00:21:32,410 --> 00:21:29,570 really looks like very reflective clouds 444 00:21:38,170 --> 00:21:32,420 are ruled out because of this 445 00:21:40,990 --> 00:21:38,180 measurement let me bring you now into 446 00:21:45,010 --> 00:21:41,000 the infrared part of the spectrum and 447 00:21:46,930 --> 00:21:45,020 the Spitzer and Nick MOS ear era nick 448 00:21:48,530 --> 00:21:46,940 moses on our instrument aboard a hubble 449 00:21:50,680 --> 00:21:48,540 but is probing 450 00:21:54,170 --> 00:21:50,690 in the new infrared part of the spectrum 451 00:21:57,500 --> 00:21:54,180 now if you if you are in the infrared 452 00:22:01,640 --> 00:21:57,510 you can definitely observe and attack 453 00:22:03,410 --> 00:22:01,650 their species you can have an idea what 454 00:22:05,990 --> 00:22:03,420 is going on about them of bothell and 455 00:22:07,790 --> 00:22:06,000 thermal structures so you have an idea 456 00:22:10,070 --> 00:22:07,800 of what is going on of these very 457 00:22:12,530 --> 00:22:10,080 complex dynamics of these planetary 458 00:22:15,110 --> 00:22:12,540 atmospheres and potentially you could 459 00:22:17,980 --> 00:22:15,120 pro cause on Hayes's even though for the 460 00:22:21,290 --> 00:22:17,990 moment we don't have a too many 461 00:22:23,300 --> 00:22:21,300 detection of those more in general with 462 00:22:25,100 --> 00:22:23,310 respect to what you're doing in the UV 463 00:22:28,630 --> 00:22:25,110 and visible you're really probing much 464 00:22:33,500 --> 00:22:28,640 deeper in the atmosphere of a planet a 465 00:22:37,460 --> 00:22:33,510 very nice result the light curve probed 466 00:22:40,220 --> 00:22:37,470 by the group of nuts in it all in 2007 467 00:22:43,580 --> 00:22:40,230 and even more recently at a micron and 468 00:22:46,340 --> 00:22:43,590 24 microm physically was they did was to 469 00:22:48,080 --> 00:22:46,350 follow the planet during his orbit and 470 00:22:50,960 --> 00:22:48,090 so measuring from primary to secondary 471 00:22:53,090 --> 00:22:50,970 and by following this planet in his 472 00:22:57,200 --> 00:22:53,100 light curve they could probe that the 473 00:22:58,490 --> 00:22:57,210 bulk temperature is actually seems to be 474 00:23:02,060 --> 00:22:58,500 very well mixed in this particular 475 00:23:05,480 --> 00:23:02,070 planet which is HD 189 so it looks like 476 00:23:07,520 --> 00:23:05,490 the dynamics is efficient enough that 477 00:23:10,130 --> 00:23:07,530 you sort of makes the day side and the 478 00:23:12,560 --> 00:23:10,140 night side of the planet and this is 479 00:23:14,930 --> 00:23:12,570 situation is very different from the one 480 00:23:17,990 --> 00:23:14,940 on the contrary probe by an hour group 481 00:23:21,050 --> 00:23:18,000 our internet hall and there not another 482 00:23:22,790 --> 00:23:21,060 very nice paper and they look a hoop 483 00:23:26,750 --> 00:23:22,800 salon drama it is actually a planet that 484 00:23:28,730 --> 00:23:26,760 doesn't transit so that can give you an 485 00:23:31,370 --> 00:23:28,740 idea of how powerful this technique can 486 00:23:33,380 --> 00:23:31,380 be you don't need a surly transit but 487 00:23:36,230 --> 00:23:33,390 the planet is basically orbiting close 488 00:23:39,790 --> 00:23:36,240 enough to the scar and he is hot enough 489 00:23:42,440 --> 00:23:39,800 to be able to be probed with Spitzer and 490 00:23:45,230 --> 00:23:42,450 it looks like this particular planet on 491 00:23:48,380 --> 00:23:45,240 the contrary showing huge gradient of 492 00:23:50,510 --> 00:23:48,390 temperature between day and night so 493 00:23:52,700 --> 00:23:50,520 again two different planets that are 494 00:23:54,230 --> 00:23:52,710 probe and very different answers so 495 00:23:56,330 --> 00:23:54,240 we're already seeing a lot of very 496 00:23:59,150 --> 00:23:56,340 abilities in this object so we probably 497 00:24:02,630 --> 00:23:59,160 should be careful in just classify them 498 00:24:04,680 --> 00:24:02,640 as it just one box of thing 499 00:24:08,220 --> 00:24:04,690 but what I would like to discuss a 500 00:24:10,200 --> 00:24:08,230 little bit more today with you as the 501 00:24:14,220 --> 00:24:10,210 new direction that all this field is is 502 00:24:17,300 --> 00:24:14,230 is bringing in from photochemical models 503 00:24:19,710 --> 00:24:17,310 what we knew fear is a few years ago 504 00:24:24,930 --> 00:24:19,720 especially from the works of young at 505 00:24:27,930 --> 00:24:24,940 all in 2003 in 2004 was that Adam if the 506 00:24:29,760 --> 00:24:27,940 carbon versus oxygen ratio is more or 507 00:24:31,530 --> 00:24:29,770 less equal solar for this planet which 508 00:24:34,980 --> 00:24:31,540 is a reasonable assumption if you don't 509 00:24:37,380 --> 00:24:34,990 know better this number then actually 510 00:24:39,780 --> 00:24:37,390 you should expect to have water in a non 511 00:24:42,600 --> 00:24:39,790 negligible quantity in these hot 512 00:24:45,810 --> 00:24:42,610 Jupiters and time on is for is 513 00:24:47,640 --> 00:24:45,820 definitely kind of abundant is more or 514 00:24:50,370 --> 00:24:47,650 less the same quantity we have on earth 515 00:24:54,720 --> 00:24:50,380 of water when your are above the clouds 516 00:24:56,910 --> 00:24:54,730 and according to these models for this 517 00:25:00,810 --> 00:24:56,920 hot Jupiter we should have expect a lot 518 00:25:02,640 --> 00:25:00,820 of CEO almost abundant as water and this 519 00:25:06,810 --> 00:25:02,650 is because they're very hot environment 520 00:25:09,720 --> 00:25:06,820 and carbon bearing species seems to go 521 00:25:13,710 --> 00:25:09,730 more towards the CEO side rather than 522 00:25:15,330 --> 00:25:13,720 beneath inside and also because me 523 00:25:17,460 --> 00:25:15,340 thinning the armor in the upper 524 00:25:19,560 --> 00:25:17,470 atmosphere on this planet is supposed to 525 00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:19,570 be fertilized very efficiently because 526 00:25:26,760 --> 00:25:22,690 of this very huge radiation and then 527 00:25:30,300 --> 00:25:26,770 these were the models then there were 528 00:25:32,280 --> 00:25:30,310 several times actually to try to probe a 529 00:25:35,700 --> 00:25:32,290 really the presence of water and to 530 00:25:38,430 --> 00:25:35,710 confirm these models and today I'm 531 00:25:41,340 --> 00:25:38,440 telling you about what we we did in the 532 00:25:43,890 --> 00:25:41,350 in the infrared part of the spectrum the 533 00:25:46,830 --> 00:25:43,900 entire idea was to use primary transit 534 00:25:49,140 --> 00:25:46,840 technique but in the infrared and 535 00:25:52,740 --> 00:25:49,150 basically to look at this one while it 536 00:25:55,260 --> 00:25:52,750 was transiting and use a basically free 537 00:25:59,910 --> 00:25:55,270 different band very different Spitzer 538 00:26:04,470 --> 00:25:59,920 bands and what what turned out is that 539 00:26:07,230 --> 00:26:04,480 the planet seems to be much larger a 5.8 540 00:26:09,300 --> 00:26:07,240 rather than a three point six meaning 541 00:26:12,090 --> 00:26:09,310 that of course these effects are here is 542 00:26:14,760 --> 00:26:12,100 magnified just to show you the behavior 543 00:26:17,250 --> 00:26:14,770 but in toy idea is that 544 00:26:19,860 --> 00:26:17,260 possibly something is absorbing much 545 00:26:21,900 --> 00:26:19,870 more efficiently at 5.8 microns so 546 00:26:24,510 --> 00:26:21,910 that's why the planet is much larger and 547 00:26:27,390 --> 00:26:24,520 this is because the lights is basically 548 00:26:29,790 --> 00:26:27,400 blocked at an eye on elder level of the 549 00:26:33,270 --> 00:26:29,800 atmosphere so it looks larger on the 550 00:26:35,160 --> 00:26:33,280 contrary at 3.6 what's happening since 551 00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:35,170 they are most fearsome to be much more 552 00:26:39,360 --> 00:26:37,570 transparent so that's why that the 553 00:26:41,730 --> 00:26:39,370 planet looks much smaller and this is 554 00:26:44,640 --> 00:26:41,740 because the light can really rub much 555 00:26:47,670 --> 00:26:44,650 deeper and then if you put these three 556 00:26:51,150 --> 00:26:47,680 measurements as a function of wavelength 557 00:26:53,750 --> 00:26:51,160 and you look at this Addie's result 558 00:26:55,950 --> 00:26:53,760 actually you might think that a lot of 559 00:26:58,020 --> 00:26:55,960 molecule a lot of situation might 560 00:27:01,080 --> 00:26:58,030 explain is rebalance but actually the 561 00:27:03,420 --> 00:27:01,090 most obvious one is to to think that 562 00:27:06,420 --> 00:27:03,430 what is absorbing because water is able 563 00:27:10,010 --> 00:27:06,430 really to explain very well there's this 564 00:27:12,720 --> 00:27:10,020 behavior of course the three bands are 565 00:27:14,910 --> 00:27:12,730 almost enough to tell you the water is 566 00:27:17,100 --> 00:27:14,920 there but certainly there is not on the 567 00:27:19,790 --> 00:27:17,110 water and you can't imagine that there 568 00:27:22,650 --> 00:27:19,800 is something else is that that with 569 00:27:26,220 --> 00:27:22,660 broadband photometry you're not able to 570 00:27:28,440 --> 00:27:26,230 be sensitive to the songs in us so what 571 00:27:31,020 --> 00:27:28,450 we did actually was to look at the same 572 00:27:33,720 --> 00:27:31,030 planet and to use an hour instrument 573 00:27:38,610 --> 00:27:33,730 Nick most this time Hubble instrument 574 00:27:41,520 --> 00:27:38,620 and in the near infrared we could get 575 00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:41,530 much more points actually are the black 576 00:27:47,460 --> 00:27:44,410 one and all these points are telling us 577 00:27:49,980 --> 00:27:47,470 that water is certainly explaining part 578 00:27:52,680 --> 00:27:49,990 of the behavior and the modulation but 579 00:27:57,140 --> 00:27:52,690 it's not netting is not able to explain 580 00:28:00,330 --> 00:27:57,150 all of the story and after a lot of 581 00:28:03,720 --> 00:28:00,340 tries we could find a me think what 582 00:28:05,610 --> 00:28:03,730 actually is playing very well and I just 583 00:28:08,430 --> 00:28:05,620 told you the meeting was supposed to be 584 00:28:10,680 --> 00:28:08,440 negligible in this planet and but what 585 00:28:14,670 --> 00:28:10,690 we found was actually that was not 586 00:28:18,090 --> 00:28:14,680 negligible at all so what can be a 587 00:28:20,370 --> 00:28:18,100 destination well first of all here we 588 00:28:22,290 --> 00:28:20,380 are in a measurement in primary transit 589 00:28:24,840 --> 00:28:22,300 meaning that we're looking at the 590 00:28:26,940 --> 00:28:24,850 Terminator the Terminator is this line 591 00:28:27,340 --> 00:28:26,950 that is dividing the nice side from the 592 00:28:30,340 --> 00:28:27,350 day 593 00:28:32,289 --> 00:28:30,350 side and so most probably we are very 594 00:28:35,440 --> 00:28:32,299 sensitive to what is going on in 595 00:28:37,450 --> 00:28:35,450 eyesight of this planet so at the night 596 00:28:39,700 --> 00:28:37,460 side of this planet the temperature can 597 00:28:44,320 --> 00:28:39,710 potentially drop and is it comes out 598 00:28:46,600 --> 00:28:44,330 from our observations to 900 800 so 599 00:28:49,210 --> 00:28:46,610 these are temperature for which me 600 00:28:53,440 --> 00:28:49,220 thinkest are to be unimportant species 601 00:28:55,779 --> 00:28:53,450 with respect to seal and also the fact 602 00:28:59,590 --> 00:28:55,789 that the noise side is not irradiated 603 00:29:04,480 --> 00:28:59,600 like the dayside probably nathan is not 604 00:29:07,210 --> 00:29:04,490 so efficiently i destroyed this is just 605 00:29:09,430 --> 00:29:07,220 putting together the measurements in the 606 00:29:11,919 --> 00:29:09,440 near furet and the miller infrared and 607 00:29:14,169 --> 00:29:11,929 the agreement is actually very good and 608 00:29:16,149 --> 00:29:14,179 it was also at a bit of surprise because 609 00:29:18,909 --> 00:29:16,159 you were using two different instruments 610 00:29:21,340 --> 00:29:18,919 and while the three measurement in the 611 00:29:23,520 --> 00:29:21,350 meter infrared and separately the one in 612 00:29:25,990 --> 00:29:23,530 near-infrared were done simultaneously 613 00:29:27,820 --> 00:29:26,000 me to infer a tenure for that were 614 00:29:31,990 --> 00:29:27,830 knocked down simultaneously so we were 615 00:29:35,490 --> 00:29:32,000 expecting few more effects to play but 616 00:29:38,350 --> 00:29:35,500 they didn't seem to be very important 617 00:29:40,450 --> 00:29:38,360 now I'll show you before very briefly 618 00:29:45,850 --> 00:29:40,460 that one of the measurements in the 619 00:29:48,419 --> 00:29:45,860 visible by pawn it all showed a spectra 620 00:29:52,870 --> 00:29:48,429 that we're much more flat and so 621 00:29:56,649 --> 00:29:52,880 suggesting that we're Hayes's in the in 622 00:30:01,029 --> 00:29:56,659 the upper atmosphere of this planet what 623 00:30:03,190 --> 00:30:01,039 type of faces Howard is our Decatur 624 00:30:05,080 --> 00:30:03,200 istic of this particular clouds or 625 00:30:07,930 --> 00:30:05,090 Hayes's in this planet so how big Earl 626 00:30:09,730 --> 00:30:07,940 is particle how they are distributed is 627 00:30:12,789 --> 00:30:09,740 something that we would like to follow 628 00:30:17,080 --> 00:30:12,799 up and but in order to do so we need 629 00:30:19,899 --> 00:30:17,090 more measurement between one and more or 630 00:30:22,360 --> 00:30:19,909 less 1.6 micron which is exactly the 631 00:30:25,350 --> 00:30:22,370 area that at the moment is not probed 632 00:30:28,690 --> 00:30:25,360 because we would like to see this Pathan 633 00:30:30,340 --> 00:30:28,700 the part that is opaque before vases and 634 00:30:32,789 --> 00:30:30,350 the part of this conclusion is parent 635 00:30:35,649 --> 00:30:32,799 and i put here a very blurred 636 00:30:37,990 --> 00:30:35,659 unfortunately a figure that was taken 637 00:30:40,200 --> 00:30:38,000 from round two thousand one is as 638 00:30:41,970 --> 00:30:40,210 blurred as is probably 639 00:30:45,270 --> 00:30:41,980 if you look in the visible and 640 00:30:47,430 --> 00:30:45,280 atmosphere through some cases but this 641 00:30:49,740 --> 00:30:47,440 God just gives you the idea that if you 642 00:30:51,720 --> 00:30:49,750 play around with the particle size 643 00:30:54,060 --> 00:30:51,730 parameter you can get more than one 644 00:30:56,160 --> 00:30:54,070 situation and so we will need to have a 645 00:31:00,270 --> 00:30:56,170 little bit more data to understand what 646 00:31:02,520 --> 00:31:00,280 is going on on our planet that was 647 00:31:07,320 --> 00:31:02,530 particularly interested was interesting 648 00:31:09,780 --> 00:31:07,330 was HD 209 and this planet seems to show 649 00:31:12,900 --> 00:31:09,790 an emission a temperature inversion and 650 00:31:15,390 --> 00:31:12,910 again our few the planets we are 651 00:31:20,700 --> 00:31:15,400 probably right now but we are already 652 00:31:23,580 --> 00:31:20,710 showing a lot of variability let me come 653 00:31:25,950 --> 00:31:23,590 back to ht29 my favorite planet and 654 00:31:27,930 --> 00:31:25,960 there were new measurement coming out 655 00:31:30,660 --> 00:31:27,940 this year by the group of Charbonneau 656 00:31:33,780 --> 00:31:30,670 and the nukes and environment and this 657 00:31:38,070 --> 00:31:33,790 is the the dayside of the planet so what 658 00:31:39,900 --> 00:31:38,080 we did when we try to detect water and 659 00:31:42,510 --> 00:31:39,910 me thing we were probing the Terminator 660 00:31:44,760 --> 00:31:42,520 and the night side here is us back to 661 00:31:47,580 --> 00:31:44,770 the mission and they use a secondary 662 00:31:50,220 --> 00:31:47,590 transit photometry to do so and they're 663 00:31:52,530 --> 00:31:50,230 looking more at the day side and just 664 00:31:55,800 --> 00:31:52,540 from the photometry it looks like well 665 00:31:58,620 --> 00:31:55,810 water is there confirm but this seems to 666 00:32:01,020 --> 00:31:58,630 suggest that co is is present there and 667 00:32:05,490 --> 00:32:01,030 the reason they say so is very 668 00:32:07,650 --> 00:32:05,500 reasonable because a 4.5 micron that the 669 00:32:11,070 --> 00:32:07,660 photometry is actually the below that 670 00:32:15,180 --> 00:32:11,080 you would expect if co or not there what 671 00:32:18,270 --> 00:32:15,190 I can dissipate you is that after those 672 00:32:20,040 --> 00:32:18,280 paper we put together more observation 673 00:32:21,890 --> 00:32:20,050 always for the day side of this 674 00:32:26,550 --> 00:32:21,900 particular planet and we put together 675 00:32:29,220 --> 00:32:26,560 observation and emission always using 676 00:32:32,220 --> 00:32:29,230 Nick mos so near infrared have a 677 00:32:34,410 --> 00:32:32,230 measurements in spectroscopy in the 678 00:32:38,940 --> 00:32:34,420 mirror infrared and putting everything 679 00:32:41,190 --> 00:32:38,950 together we have now a new scenario that 680 00:32:42,690 --> 00:32:41,200 seems to suggest that that definitely 681 00:32:45,060 --> 00:32:42,700 the dayside of the planet is very 682 00:32:47,520 --> 00:32:45,070 different for in eyesight and it looks 683 00:32:50,130 --> 00:32:47,530 like in a day side of the planet for the 684 00:32:51,389 --> 00:32:50,140 chemistry play real a major role so is 685 00:32:53,459 --> 00:32:51,399 really going on 686 00:32:56,299 --> 00:32:53,469 the protection the photochemical 687 00:32:58,889 --> 00:32:56,309 prediction of models of years ago and 688 00:33:00,719 --> 00:32:58,899 this is an anticipation and I'm sorry 689 00:33:02,099 --> 00:33:00,729 that I cannot show you the dispatcher in 690 00:33:04,169 --> 00:33:02,109 just because it's very nice to meet you 691 00:33:07,259 --> 00:33:04,179 too nature so we have to be able to be 692 00:33:09,779 --> 00:33:07,269 careful but we seem to you to have a 693 00:33:13,440 --> 00:33:09,789 strong suggestion that co2 is there and 694 00:33:17,909 --> 00:33:13,450 possibly as yet so there will be more 695 00:33:21,209 --> 00:33:17,919 stuff come in very soon I hope so what's 696 00:33:23,399 --> 00:33:21,219 next because I just show you interesting 697 00:33:25,529 --> 00:33:23,409 planet but probably not that interesting 698 00:33:29,729 --> 00:33:25,539 in terms of availability these are 699 00:33:32,549 --> 00:33:29,739 health so certainly life I guess is not 700 00:33:35,219 --> 00:33:32,559 very happy to leave on hot Jupiters so 701 00:33:36,989 --> 00:33:35,229 what next is to try to use the same kind 702 00:33:39,149 --> 00:33:36,999 of technique and what we're learning 703 00:33:42,119 --> 00:33:39,159 right now on these hot Jupiters to 704 00:33:45,359 --> 00:33:42,129 choose morris ice planet and what we can 705 00:33:48,599 --> 00:33:45,369 do right now today is a Neptune size 706 00:33:51,359 --> 00:33:48,609 button for instance Gliese 436 B has 707 00:33:54,239 --> 00:33:51,369 already been proud I with Spitzer by the 708 00:33:56,009 --> 00:33:54,249 group of diming and I can tell you that 709 00:33:59,339 --> 00:33:56,019 there are several observation that we're 710 00:34:01,649 --> 00:33:59,349 given to different groups to probe this 711 00:34:03,749 --> 00:34:01,659 planet in every possible way with every 712 00:34:06,359 --> 00:34:03,759 possible instrument so in few months we 713 00:34:11,180 --> 00:34:06,369 will know a lot about what is going on 714 00:34:14,010 --> 00:34:11,190 at least on one example of hot napkins 715 00:34:18,319 --> 00:34:14,020 border into the future unfortunately 716 00:34:23,369 --> 00:34:18,329 probably Spitzer will we lose is a 717 00:34:26,369 --> 00:34:23,379 cryogenic capability and so war Spitzer 718 00:34:29,819 --> 00:34:26,379 probably will stay alive and we warned 719 00:34:33,869 --> 00:34:29,829 Spitzer with we will be able to still 720 00:34:36,899 --> 00:34:33,879 use part of the era camera the band of 721 00:34:38,869 --> 00:34:36,909 3.6 and 4.4 still okay even for one 722 00:34:41,129 --> 00:34:38,879 Spitzer so this is definitely a 723 00:34:43,740 --> 00:34:41,139 telescope we are not losing for the 724 00:34:45,569 --> 00:34:43,750 moment which is great further into the 725 00:34:48,629 --> 00:34:45,579 future we will have this new generation 726 00:34:51,089 --> 00:34:48,639 of space telescope to change webb space 727 00:34:52,589 --> 00:34:51,099 telescope in particular and right now 728 00:34:55,379 --> 00:34:52,599 there are solar groups that are already 729 00:34:58,559 --> 00:34:55,389 making simulation and calculation to see 730 00:35:01,829 --> 00:34:58,569 what we can do with this fantastic toy 731 00:35:04,440 --> 00:35:01,839 and i can tell you that at least in 732 00:35:07,740 --> 00:35:04,450 primary transit we can already do 733 00:35:10,260 --> 00:35:07,750 sighs Barnett and this is part of work 734 00:35:14,160 --> 00:35:10,270 we are doing with Tony baccala team 735 00:35:15,900 --> 00:35:14,170 Paris and stewed in Cairo rock and there 736 00:35:18,540 --> 00:35:15,910 are many other groups that are doing 737 00:35:21,660 --> 00:35:18,550 similar calculation and also looking 738 00:35:24,180 --> 00:35:21,670 into the possibility of looking at super 739 00:35:26,280 --> 00:35:24,190 birth doing secondary transit which a 740 00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:26,290 Douglas TJ CC will have an incredible 741 00:35:32,910 --> 00:35:30,010 sensitivity so we are definitely able to 742 00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:32,920 probe more interesting planet there are 743 00:35:38,040 --> 00:35:34,210 more interesting in terms of 744 00:35:42,839 --> 00:35:38,050 availability another interesting 745 00:35:45,390 --> 00:35:42,849 instrument that might help us if is if 746 00:35:48,300 --> 00:35:45,400 it will be launched is a jaksa is a 747 00:35:51,870 --> 00:35:48,310 mission called Spica is a sort of new 748 00:35:56,040 --> 00:35:51,880 generation of pizza and it would be 749 00:35:58,890 --> 00:35:56,050 cooled at 50 Cal vain and so this could 750 00:36:02,900 --> 00:35:58,900 provide a very high sensitivity in very 751 00:36:05,010 --> 00:36:02,910 high spectral resolution Japanese are 752 00:36:06,990 --> 00:36:05,020 trying to see if they can put a 753 00:36:09,599 --> 00:36:07,000 coronagraph and one of the instruments 754 00:36:12,990 --> 00:36:09,609 so potentially they could also do a 755 00:36:16,349 --> 00:36:13,000 little bit of direct detection so very 756 00:36:18,319 --> 00:36:16,359 interesting instrument so to conclude 757 00:36:21,300 --> 00:36:18,329 about the part about primary a secondary 758 00:36:24,089 --> 00:36:21,310 transit technique using box with raman 759 00:36:27,270 --> 00:36:24,099 spectroscopy this technique are probable 760 00:36:30,480 --> 00:36:27,280 to be extremely powerful because I mean 761 00:36:32,970 --> 00:36:30,490 I just show you most recent result using 762 00:36:37,440 --> 00:36:32,980 this technique and how many things were 763 00:36:38,849 --> 00:36:37,450 to do you can dismantle and something 764 00:36:42,599 --> 00:36:38,859 that I realized actually putting 765 00:36:45,270 --> 00:36:42,609 together a similar talk for the Boston 766 00:36:48,000 --> 00:36:45,280 Museum transiting planet lightweight was 767 00:36:51,900 --> 00:36:48,010 actually we are already approaching the 768 00:36:54,300 --> 00:36:51,910 level of knowledge that was reached with 769 00:36:56,670 --> 00:36:54,310 Voyager 1 for the solar system the kind 770 00:36:58,349 --> 00:36:56,680 of question we are asking right now the 771 00:37:01,260 --> 00:36:58,359 counter detection we are doing is not 772 00:37:03,059 --> 00:37:01,270 that the different from those ears so I 773 00:37:07,740 --> 00:37:03,069 really thing that the excess oil pan 774 00:37:10,650 --> 00:37:07,750 field has really rich and really high 775 00:37:14,180 --> 00:37:10,660 level of sophistication at the moment 776 00:37:15,680 --> 00:37:14,190 and certainly even if I told you that 777 00:37:18,050 --> 00:37:15,690 using 778 00:37:19,790 --> 00:37:18,060 it's petroleum photometer technique is 779 00:37:22,819 --> 00:37:19,800 wonderful because you can do a lot of 780 00:37:24,680 --> 00:37:22,829 things socially for planets with larger 781 00:37:29,180 --> 00:37:24,690 separation from the stall so they are 782 00:37:31,579 --> 00:37:29,190 not orbiting very close they are not so 783 00:37:33,950 --> 00:37:31,589 practical and for those planet 784 00:37:36,260 --> 00:37:33,960 definitely you need to think in terms of 785 00:37:38,510 --> 00:37:36,270 direct detection and so this is more a 786 00:37:41,240 --> 00:37:38,520 message for the for the future that we 787 00:37:43,430 --> 00:37:41,250 all hope there will be a near future so 788 00:37:47,270 --> 00:37:43,440 the idea with direct detection is that 789 00:37:49,099 --> 00:37:47,280 you you try to take out the contribution 790 00:37:52,640 --> 00:37:49,109 of the star and concentrate on the 791 00:37:55,160 --> 00:37:52,650 planet alone on the contrary with 792 00:37:57,530 --> 00:37:55,170 transit technique you always have to put 793 00:38:01,329 --> 00:37:57,540 together the package star and planet so 794 00:38:04,460 --> 00:38:01,339 it's a sort of different way of thinking 795 00:38:06,349 --> 00:38:04,470 during dissection is obviously not easy 796 00:38:11,270 --> 00:38:06,359 and that's why Liz take a little bit of 797 00:38:13,370 --> 00:38:11,280 time to be implemented because if you 798 00:38:16,849 --> 00:38:13,380 look at the planet in the visible or in 799 00:38:19,430 --> 00:38:16,859 the infrared for each fault ins that is 800 00:38:22,309 --> 00:38:19,440 coming out of the planet you need to get 801 00:38:24,500 --> 00:38:22,319 read a temporary 9 or temporary 6 photos 802 00:38:26,839 --> 00:38:24,510 depending which mainly looking at and 803 00:38:29,359 --> 00:38:26,849 what is the size of the planet but this 804 00:38:31,790 --> 00:38:29,369 number of aches and so definitely that 805 00:38:34,910 --> 00:38:31,800 the techniques are there but it's 806 00:38:36,710 --> 00:38:34,920 certainly not an easy an easy job there 807 00:38:39,200 --> 00:38:36,720 are the law at the moment a lot of 808 00:38:43,819 --> 00:38:39,210 mission concept they are considerate for 809 00:38:47,660 --> 00:38:43,829 studies both in US or in Europe using 810 00:38:52,910 --> 00:38:47,670 for instance more or less big size 811 00:38:55,099 --> 00:38:52,920 telescope and coronagraphs if you use a 812 00:38:57,980 --> 00:38:55,109 small size the telescope definitely 813 00:39:02,540 --> 00:38:57,990 you're not able to do her size but if 814 00:39:04,730 --> 00:39:02,550 you are most able to do super but there 815 00:39:07,579 --> 00:39:04,740 are also new concept that on the 816 00:39:09,859 --> 00:39:07,589 contrary are probably more a planned to 817 00:39:13,099 --> 00:39:09,869 do really ice planet in the habitable 818 00:39:14,990 --> 00:39:13,109 zone one of those is the new word 819 00:39:17,780 --> 00:39:15,000 observer the mission that was proposed 820 00:39:19,940 --> 00:39:17,790 by reverse the cash and this is 821 00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:19,950 certainly a large class except on a 822 00:39:25,860 --> 00:39:23,010 mission and the entire idea is that you 823 00:39:30,810 --> 00:39:25,870 have a deployable mask 824 00:39:34,380 --> 00:39:30,820 that is a cool teen and the starshade is 825 00:39:38,130 --> 00:39:34,390 separated by the telescope and with this 826 00:39:40,590 --> 00:39:38,140 kind of technique from simulation you 827 00:39:44,390 --> 00:39:40,600 can see these are basically a simulation 828 00:39:47,850 --> 00:39:44,400 of our own solar system how you would 829 00:39:51,140 --> 00:39:47,860 detect it if you wear ten parsecs away 830 00:39:54,150 --> 00:39:51,150 and as you can see from the simulation 831 00:39:56,550 --> 00:39:54,160 with a four meter telescope you could 832 00:40:01,110 --> 00:39:56,560 potentially be able to probe Earth and 833 00:40:03,330 --> 00:40:01,120 Venus these are the basically the the 834 00:40:10,220 --> 00:40:03,340 planets is likely blue and slightly 835 00:40:15,300 --> 00:40:12,570 also from the ground that there are 836 00:40:17,790 --> 00:40:15,310 several efforts in terms of building new 837 00:40:21,240 --> 00:40:17,800 instruments and very large a telescope 838 00:40:23,940 --> 00:40:21,250 and a technique to separate the light of 839 00:40:26,520 --> 00:40:23,950 the star in the planet I'm just citing 840 00:40:28,200 --> 00:40:26,530 this initiative from either but I'm sure 841 00:40:30,780 --> 00:40:28,210 also in the in the u.s. there is a 842 00:40:33,120 --> 00:40:30,790 similar initiative is just that I'm not 843 00:40:36,180 --> 00:40:33,130 completely aware of that and for 844 00:40:38,070 --> 00:40:36,190 instance easel is planning these 845 00:40:41,300 --> 00:40:38,080 extremely large telescope which at the 846 00:40:44,730 --> 00:40:41,310 moment is about 32 meter diameter and 847 00:40:46,920 --> 00:40:44,740 the idea is to implement some ice cream 848 00:40:48,390 --> 00:40:46,930 adaptive optics to get rid of some of 849 00:40:54,900 --> 00:40:48,400 the contribution of the earth atmosphere 850 00:41:00,210 --> 00:40:54,910 and using probably choreography and also 851 00:41:04,080 --> 00:41:00,220 polarimetry to characterize excess oil 852 00:41:07,590 --> 00:41:04,090 planet up to the earth sized level so 853 00:41:11,100 --> 00:41:07,600 let me close my seminar here I would 854 00:41:14,490 --> 00:41:11,110 first of all like to thank you all for 855 00:41:18,620 --> 00:41:14,500 having participated and I would like to 856 00:41:20,790 --> 00:41:18,630 thank also my collaborator because 857 00:41:22,890 --> 00:41:20,800 certainly they already wonder is doing 858 00:41:27,510 --> 00:41:22,900 the top job in a reducing most of the 859 00:41:30,510 --> 00:41:27,520 data and I would like to leave on the 860 00:41:34,050 --> 00:41:30,520 contrary more time for question if you 861 00:41:37,339 --> 00:41:34,060 have any and before I give you the ipad 862 00:41:41,509 --> 00:41:37,349 to the floor an announcement 863 00:41:43,549 --> 00:41:41,519 our planet is meeting in Paris the title 864 00:41:46,640 --> 00:41:43,559 will be molecule in the atmospheric 865 00:41:49,160 --> 00:41:46,650 sasural planets and it is to bring 866 00:41:51,049 --> 00:41:49,170 together different communities access or 867 00:41:52,989 --> 00:41:51,059 planning community but also the solar 868 00:41:57,229 --> 00:41:52,999 system community brown dwarf 869 00:42:00,200 --> 00:41:57,239 astrobiology instrument community and 870 00:42:03,319 --> 00:42:00,210 the idea would be to share information 871 00:42:05,420 --> 00:42:03,329 but also to see a little bit more clear 872 00:42:07,249 --> 00:42:05,430 how bright can be our future in this 873 00:42:14,539 --> 00:42:07,259 field thank you so much for your 874 00:42:18,410 --> 00:42:14,549 attention thank you very much Giovanna 875 00:42:20,299 --> 00:42:18,420 for great seminar with anybody who has 876 00:42:22,969 --> 00:42:20,309 questions please raise their hand in 877 00:42:25,249 --> 00:42:22,979 WebEx and I'll give you a couple of 878 00:42:27,859 --> 00:42:25,259 minutes to do that and I'll just take 879 00:42:29,870 --> 00:42:27,869 advantage of this moment for another 880 00:42:32,630 --> 00:42:29,880 announcement and that is that we will 881 00:42:35,329 --> 00:42:32,640 probably have one more director seminar 882 00:42:38,539 --> 00:42:35,339 this year before the director seminar 883 00:42:40,759 --> 00:42:38,549 goes on vacation for the summer and I 884 00:42:43,339 --> 00:42:40,769 don't think we've confirmed the speaker 885 00:42:47,569 --> 00:42:43,349 for the final one but it will be on 886 00:42:50,299 --> 00:42:47,579 Monday June thirtieth I have that date 887 00:42:53,150 --> 00:42:50,309 correct yeah Monday June thirtieth and 888 00:42:56,150 --> 00:42:53,160 then the director seminar series will 889 00:42:59,299 --> 00:42:56,160 pick up again in September at the end of 890 00:43:01,670 --> 00:42:59,309 September with norm sleep picking up 891 00:43:04,069 --> 00:43:01,680 with this very topic and telling us 892 00:43:07,339 --> 00:43:04,079 about the habitability of super Earths 893 00:43:09,049 --> 00:43:07,349 and I'll take advantage of having the 894 00:43:11,749 --> 00:43:09,059 floor in the open microphone for the 895 00:43:14,420 --> 00:43:11,759 moment to ask giovanna question I found 896 00:43:17,209 --> 00:43:14,430 your mass radius chart it was like the 897 00:43:20,509 --> 00:43:17,219 3rd slide that you showed very 898 00:43:22,819 --> 00:43:20,519 interesting one of the challenges of 899 00:43:26,719 --> 00:43:22,829 course is going to be to tell the 900 00:43:30,799 --> 00:43:26,729 difference between a 5 earth maths super 901 00:43:34,910 --> 00:43:30,809 earth and a 5 earth-mass miniature 902 00:43:36,529 --> 00:43:34,920 Neptune how did how easily do you think 903 00:43:38,989 --> 00:43:36,539 or how hard do you think it's going to 904 00:43:42,410 --> 00:43:38,999 be to tell the difference between those 905 00:43:45,140 --> 00:43:42,420 two will the mass radius relationship be 906 00:43:46,940 --> 00:43:45,150 the key do you think the molecular 907 00:43:48,799 --> 00:43:46,950 species in the atmosphere will be the 908 00:43:50,060 --> 00:43:48,809 key and and how well do you think the 909 00:43:52,310 --> 00:43:50,070 tools were going to have let's 910 00:43:54,170 --> 00:43:52,320 say in the next 5-10 years to approach 911 00:43:56,000 --> 00:43:54,180 that question how effective you think 912 00:43:58,850 --> 00:43:56,010 they're going to be well this is a very 913 00:44:01,610 --> 00:43:58,860 good question actually well first of all 914 00:44:03,560 --> 00:44:01,620 since we are assuming that we know the 915 00:44:05,180 --> 00:44:03,570 mass in the radios will probably also 916 00:44:08,120 --> 00:44:05,190 sue me we're looking at transiting 917 00:44:12,350 --> 00:44:08,130 planet so let put us in a situation that 918 00:44:15,590 --> 00:44:12,360 in the easiest situation so I would say 919 00:44:18,830 --> 00:44:15,600 we can definitely understand if it is a 920 00:44:22,510 --> 00:44:18,840 terrestrial rocky planet or an F on it 921 00:44:25,460 --> 00:44:22,520 just by using primary transit technique 922 00:44:27,800 --> 00:44:25,470 for the atmosphere so if you have a 923 00:44:29,870 --> 00:44:27,810 telescope like Hubble or spit or for 924 00:44:32,480 --> 00:44:29,880 instance or next generation of space 925 00:44:35,060 --> 00:44:32,490 telescope for which we can reach that 926 00:44:37,400 --> 00:44:35,070 level of detail definitely we can see 927 00:44:41,660 --> 00:44:37,410 what is going on because if it is an app 928 00:44:44,270 --> 00:44:41,670 to Planet what we imagine is that napkin 929 00:44:46,760 --> 00:44:44,280 planet is is a made of a lot of origin 930 00:44:49,430 --> 00:44:46,770 still so meaning with that that the 931 00:44:52,490 --> 00:44:49,440 angles bear is still very extended and 932 00:44:55,400 --> 00:44:52,500 so what am I specting is that from an 933 00:44:58,010 --> 00:44:55,410 émigré point of view in transmission you 934 00:45:00,710 --> 00:44:58,020 can really get a very nice signature of 935 00:45:02,720 --> 00:45:00,720 what is going on on the contrary if you 936 00:45:04,940 --> 00:45:02,730 have a rocky planet or that mass in 937 00:45:07,070 --> 00:45:04,950 primary transit I am predicting they 938 00:45:09,320 --> 00:45:07,080 were not seen anything and the reason 939 00:45:12,320 --> 00:45:09,330 for this is that in primary transit 940 00:45:14,720 --> 00:45:12,330 technique what is happening since you're 941 00:45:16,610 --> 00:45:14,730 really probing and I'm most feared and 942 00:45:20,060 --> 00:45:16,620 you need something very extended for 943 00:45:21,980 --> 00:45:20,070 that for a rocky planet the youngest 944 00:45:25,940 --> 00:45:21,990 fear is supposed to be much more compact 945 00:45:28,310 --> 00:45:25,950 and so I guess that at that level look 946 00:45:30,980 --> 00:45:28,320 interests of the presence of signatures 947 00:45:35,240 --> 00:45:30,990 or non signature from the atmospheres 948 00:45:43,370 --> 00:45:38,590 and we have a question from Tom Green 949 00:45:44,660 --> 00:45:43,380 hello I'd like to second I guess Carl's 950 00:45:47,390 --> 00:45:44,670 comments about this really being an 951 00:45:50,090 --> 00:45:47,400 excellent talk just a minor comment is 952 00:45:52,100 --> 00:45:50,100 that I certainly agree JD BST is going 953 00:45:54,290 --> 00:45:52,110 to be a very powerful Observatory for 954 00:45:57,230 --> 00:45:54,300 this it'll have some good capabilities 955 00:45:59,870 --> 00:45:57,240 we think that we'll be able to get a 956 00:46:01,730 --> 00:45:59,880 pretty high quality spectra like better 957 00:46:07,010 --> 00:46:01,740 than IRS and hopefully better than Nick 958 00:46:11,810 --> 00:46:07,020 moss from let's say at least 2.5 microns 959 00:46:14,120 --> 00:46:11,820 how 20 at least 13 microns and you know 960 00:46:17,120 --> 00:46:14,130 it may be spectra on both sides of that 961 00:46:19,300 --> 00:46:17,130 as well however you know the instrument 962 00:46:22,450 --> 00:46:19,310 teams have been looking into this and 963 00:46:26,750 --> 00:46:22,460 it's probably not going to be getting 964 00:46:29,630 --> 00:46:26,760 secondary eclipse spectra of anything 965 00:46:31,940 --> 00:46:29,640 close to nurse eyes even even around an 966 00:46:34,940 --> 00:46:31,950 M star but for larger planets it's going 967 00:46:38,300 --> 00:46:34,950 to do really well so that was just a 968 00:46:40,820 --> 00:46:38,310 comment actually we could do earth-sized 969 00:46:43,340 --> 00:46:40,830 planets around small stars but it'd be 970 00:46:46,670 --> 00:46:43,350 much warmer than ones in habitable zones 971 00:46:49,370 --> 00:46:46,680 so that's that's the only comment now I 972 00:46:52,010 --> 00:46:49,380 agree when I was talking about her sighs 973 00:46:54,470 --> 00:46:52,020 I was talking about primary transit not 974 00:46:56,990 --> 00:46:54,480 really secondary Yeah right we may be 975 00:46:58,700 --> 00:46:57,000 able to get them yeah I mean of course 976 00:47:00,800 --> 00:46:58,710 it depends also on the brightness of the 977 00:47:04,430 --> 00:47:00,810 star we're definitely talking about a 978 00:47:07,130 --> 00:47:04,440 most favorable target not for all of 979 00:47:14,449 --> 00:47:07,140 them but it seems to be the numbers are 980 00:47:20,519 --> 00:47:18,359 and the other questions if there are no 981 00:47:22,469 --> 00:47:20,529 other hands raised on webex so if you 982 00:47:28,140 --> 00:47:22,479 have a question we'd like to just jump 983 00:47:31,979 --> 00:47:28,150 in this is an opportunity um there's a 984 00:47:34,920 --> 00:47:31,989 question of got it go ahead got it um I 985 00:47:36,930 --> 00:47:34,930 had a question about your CEO and water 986 00:47:39,660 --> 00:47:36,940 measurements and methane measurements I 987 00:47:43,680 --> 00:47:39,670 don't know if you if your abundances or 988 00:47:46,859 --> 00:47:43,690 our errors are small enough to get a CTO 989 00:47:48,690 --> 00:47:46,869 ratio that is meaningful out of those 990 00:47:52,920 --> 00:47:48,700 observations and how it compares to our 991 00:47:56,150 --> 00:47:52,930 own system for other other interstellar 992 00:47:58,410 --> 00:47:56,160 values that we know for sudo ratios 993 00:48:01,769 --> 00:47:58,420 that's were a good question this was 994 00:48:05,130 --> 00:48:01,779 exactly where we wanted to go somehow 995 00:48:08,039 --> 00:48:05,140 now in from the measurement in primary 996 00:48:11,670 --> 00:48:08,049 transit and in particular from the 997 00:48:14,549 --> 00:48:11,680 observation of Nick bus in primary it 998 00:48:17,999 --> 00:48:14,559 was actually tufted to give asea ratio 999 00:48:20,880 --> 00:48:18,009 and the reason for that is that the the 1000 00:48:22,920 --> 00:48:20,890 signature of methane could potentially 1001 00:48:26,489 --> 00:48:22,930 mask the presence of the signature of 1002 00:48:29,459 --> 00:48:26,499 seal and so we could the satin upper 1003 00:48:32,459 --> 00:48:29,469 limit on the CEO abundance but just 1004 00:48:34,920 --> 00:48:32,469 another limit so at the moment on in 1005 00:48:37,650 --> 00:48:34,930 primary meaning that meaning with that 1006 00:48:40,739 --> 00:48:37,660 the Terminator and potentially no sides 1007 00:48:43,609 --> 00:48:40,749 and we are not able really to to settle 1008 00:48:46,829 --> 00:48:43,619 limit on the sea or Asia but what I can 1009 00:48:49,380 --> 00:48:46,839 sort of can anticipate to you is that 1010 00:48:52,939 --> 00:48:49,390 this new paper that we submitted for the 1011 00:48:57,029 --> 00:48:52,949 emission spectrum day on the day side 1012 00:48:58,829 --> 00:48:57,039 since in that case we were able to put 1013 00:49:01,799 --> 00:48:58,839 together a lot of measurement from the 1014 00:49:05,819 --> 00:49:01,809 newer infrared to the far infrared and 1015 00:49:08,099 --> 00:49:05,829 holstein spectroscopy in that case we 1016 00:49:10,949 --> 00:49:08,109 could be a little bit more specific and 1017 00:49:13,289 --> 00:49:10,959 there seems to be indication and again 1018 00:49:15,989 --> 00:49:13,299 take it for the moment as a preliminary 1019 00:49:17,969 --> 00:49:15,999 thing because of people is being read 1020 00:49:20,329 --> 00:49:17,979 the paper is being afraid at the moment 1021 00:49:22,920 --> 00:49:20,339 but it really looks like for 1022 00:49:26,249 --> 00:49:22,930 interpreting well the spectra the 1023 00:49:29,549 --> 00:49:26,259 spectrum in the mission you need to have 1024 00:49:36,959 --> 00:49:29,559 a seizure a as seems to go towards 1025 00:49:38,370 --> 00:49:36,969 the carbon enrichment on on a mission we 1026 00:49:41,640 --> 00:49:38,380 were able to be a little bit more 1027 00:49:45,479 --> 00:49:41,650 specific and especially because they 1028 00:49:50,670 --> 00:49:45,489 were species like co2 that can be used 1029 00:49:52,859 --> 00:49:50,680 as a proxy of the presence of CEO how 1030 00:49:56,279 --> 00:49:52,869 large were the uncertainties on that I 1031 00:49:59,370 --> 00:49:56,289 mean was it within earth within solar 1032 00:50:02,910 --> 00:49:59,380 range or a farm or beyond that in to 1033 00:50:04,499 --> 00:50:02,920 Sigma 3 Sigma well again I would be just 1034 00:50:07,650 --> 00:50:04,509 a little bit careful because of course 1035 00:50:10,349 --> 00:50:07,660 there are aerobars so I I mean probably 1036 00:50:13,079 --> 00:50:10,359 not very comfortable and setting in a 1037 00:50:15,390 --> 00:50:13,089 number I'm just telling you is it there 1038 00:50:18,390 --> 00:50:15,400 is a very strong suggestion that there 1039 00:50:26,660 --> 00:50:18,400 is a carbon enrichment I would just stay 1040 00:50:30,870 --> 00:50:29,400 hi I'm you talked about primary and 1041 00:50:32,729 --> 00:50:30,880 secondary transits and I was just 1042 00:50:34,739 --> 00:50:32,739 wondering when you observe a transit how 1043 00:50:39,809 --> 00:50:34,749 can tell which type of transit you're 1044 00:50:43,529 --> 00:50:39,819 observing well well basically when you 1045 00:50:47,609 --> 00:50:43,539 plan your observation you you plan 1046 00:50:51,269 --> 00:50:47,619 exactly what you are doing so in the 1047 00:50:55,319 --> 00:50:51,279 case again of primary you basically 1048 00:50:58,349 --> 00:50:55,329 observe basically when the planet is 1049 00:51:00,089 --> 00:50:58,359 passing in front of the star and so you 1050 00:51:02,430 --> 00:51:00,099 measure before when there is no 1051 00:51:04,289 --> 00:51:02,440 transistors that the sort of star alone 1052 00:51:06,870 --> 00:51:04,299 and then when the planet is passing in 1053 00:51:08,819 --> 00:51:06,880 front of it and the case of secondary 1054 00:51:21,900 --> 00:51:08,829 have to plan your observation in a 1055 00:51:32,730 --> 00:51:25,740 do we have any other questions any here 1056 00:51:39,770 --> 00:51:32,740 in nai central look there no further